![]() Because of the long period of study required to master this system, literacy in hieroglyphics was confined to a relatively small group of scribes and administrators. It was used for official and monumental inscription in ancient Egypt. Reflecting the ancient Egyptians’ belief in an essentially beneficent world, the divine ruler was the earthly guarantor of this order.Ī system of writing in which pictorial symbols represented sounds, syllables, or concepts. ![]() Believed to be an earthly manifestation of the gods, he used his absolute power to maintain the safety and prosperity of Egypt.Įgyptian term for the concept of divinely created and maintained order in the universe. The central figure in the ancient Egyptian state. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic, and classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy.Īmorite ruler of Babylon who wrote a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases. The most widespread modern member of the Semitic family is Arabic.Ī small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. In antiquity these languages included Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture – such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions – taken over by their Semitic successors.įamily of related languages long spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa. The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. Because so many symbols had to be learned, literacy was confined to a relatively small group of administrators and scribes. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adopted to represent other languages of western Asia. It is associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities, but its function is unknown.Ī system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. Professionally trained males who applied their skills in reading and writing to tasks of administration for the most part reflect elite male activities.Ī massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mud-bricks. The era of global warming that ended the Great Ice Age occurred about 9000 B.C.E. The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between ca. As a result of climate shifts, large numbers of new species evolved during this period, also called the Pleistocene epoch.Īn ambiguous term often used to denote more complex societies but sometimes used be anthropologists to describe any group of people sharing a set of cultural traits. The ability to walk upright on two legs, characteristic of Hominids. It evolved in Africa about 2 million years ago. It evolved in Africa about 2.5 million years ago.Īn extinct human species. People who support themselves by hunting wild animals and gathering wild edible plants and insects. The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution(s). ![]() The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It was followed in some places by the Bronze Age and more generally by the Iron Age. The historical period characterized by the production of tools from stone and other nonmetallic substances. It includes archaic forms such as Neanderthals (now extinct) and all modern humans. It evolved in Africa about 200,000 years ago. The several extinct species of humanlike primates that existed during the Pleistocene era (genus Australopithecus) The biological family that includes humans and humanlike primates. The biological theory that, over time, changes occurring in plants and animals, mainly as a result of natural selection and genetic mutation, result in a new species. The biological process by which variations that enhance a population’s ability to survive in a particular environment become dominant in a species over very long periods and lead to the evolution of a new species. ![]()
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